Copyright - Copying Limits

CAL licence

Under the CAL licence an educational institution may copy or communicate single or multiple copies of copyright works by or on behalf of the University for the educational purposes of the University. The limits that apply depend on the format of the work being copied or communicated.

Hardcopy copying

The copying limits for copying from hardcopy form to hardcopy form are determined on a per person per calendar year basis and are:

Anthologies (collection of written works)

• the whole of a literary or dramatic (not artistic or musical) work (e.g. collection of poems or short stories, a play, essay, or extract from a book) contained in a published anthology as long as it is no more than 15 pages in length;
• if more than 15 pages in length and separately published, 10% of the pages of a collection of literary or dramatic works.

Periodicals

• one article in each issue of a periodical (such as a newspaper or magazine);
• two or more articles in an issue of a periodical provided they relate to the same specific subject matter.

General (this does not apply to articles in periodicals)

• up to 10% of any literary work (e.g. book or poem), dramatic work (e.g. play) or musical work (e.g. score);
• if the literary or dramatic work being copied is a book, 10% or one chapter, whichever is greater.

Note: most musical works are separately published

Out of print works

• the whole of any artistic, literary or dramatic work if the University has checked with its normal supplier and the work is not available for purchase within six (6) months for text books (thirty (30) days for other material) at the price the University would normally pay.
  Note: in addition to the above paragraphs accompanying artistic works (for example photographs and diagrams) that explain or illustrate any text can be copied.

Web copying

The University's licence with CAL includes digitisation. This means that it is permissible to digitise print works for teaching purposes. The same quantity restrictions as for photocopying (outlined above) apply, however, the limits specified apply to the numbers of words copied (or text) rather than pages.

Copying from hardcopy to electronic form

• the whole or part of an article from a periodical publication. In addition, two or more articles from the same periodical publication can be copied if they are on the same subject matter;
• the whole or part of a literary or dramatic work in a published anthology is not more than 15 pages; and
• 10% or one chapter of all other literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works.

Copying or communicating material that is already in electronic form

• the whole or part of an article from a periodical publication. In addition, two or more articles from the same periodical publication can be copied if they are on the same subject matter;
• 10% of musical works; and
• 10% or one chapter of all other literary or dramatic works.

A very important limitation on the communication of works is that only 10% of a work can be made available at any one time. This means that if one lecturer has made 10% or one chapter of a book available on-line, no other lecturer can make another part of this work available on-line unless the first part has been taken down. Note, however, that this limit does not apply to journal articles.

In addition, the 10% that is being made available must be consecutive or continuous. In other words, the 10% cannot be made up of a number of smaller extracts coming from different parts of the one work - they must be consecutive pages.

An important note about copying under the CAL licence

An institution may make as many copies as it wants for the educational purposes of the institution. However, as the cost of the University's licence is determined by a sampling process, any additional copying you do can help to push licence costs up. Therefore, at all times, you are requested to limit your copying to essential material, and limit the number of copies to those that can be used immediately.
The copies you make must not be sold for profit.

Screenrights licence

Under the Screenrights licence an educational institution may copy radio, satellite and television programs off-air for the educational purposes of the institution. The licence does not allow an educational institution to copy videos that were not copied off television, such as commercial videos bought or hired.

There is no restriction on the number of copies that can be made, or on the amount of program copied. Whole programs may be copied or program segments may be made into a compilation tape. There is also no restriction on the type of program copied.
A copy of a program can be made at home, or at the university, by a staff member or by a student. However, once the tape is brought onto University grounds, it becomes the property of the University and subject to the University's obligations under its agreement with Screenrights (as set out in the information on Audio-Visual (Off-Air) copying).